Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)

Changes in the vagina, vulva, and urinary system that happen after menopause associated with declining estrogen levels.

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) describes changes in the vagina, vulva, and urinary system that occur after menopause due to falling estrogen levels.

Common symptoms include vaginal dryness, burning, and irritation. Women may also experience pain during sexual activity, an urgent need to urinate, and repeated urinary tract infections.

Reduced estrogen levels are associated with changes in vaginal tissue. They become thinner and more fragile, less elastic, and produce less natural lubrication. Structural and functional changes may occur. These changes are collectively known as vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), which is a key manifestation of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).